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Using a Pasteur pipette heart attack zing mp3 order dipyridamole pills in toronto, fill an Improved Neubauer ruled chamber with well-mixed diluted semen blood pressure levels low too low order dipyridamole once a day. Using the low power objective with the condenser iris closed sufficiently to give good contrast pulse pressure medical definition order dipyridamole overnight, count the number of spermatozoa in an area of 2 sq mm, i. Calculate the number of spermatozoa in 1ml of fluid by multiplying the number counted by 100000. Estimate the percentage of spermatozoa with normal morphology in a stained preparation Make a thin smear of the liquefied well-mixed semen on a slide. While still wet, fix the smear with 95% v/v ethanol for 5-10 minutes, and allow to air-dry. Wash the smear with sodium bicarbonate-formalin solution to remove any mucus which may be present. Cover the smear with dilute (1 in 20) carbon fuchsin and allow to stain for 444 Hematology 3 minutes. Counterstain, by covering the smear with dilute (1 in 20) Loeffler’s methylene blue for 2 minutes. Other staining techniques used to stain spermatozoa include Giemsa and Papanicolaou. Examine the preparation for normal and abnormal spermatozoa using the high power objective. Count 100 spermatozoa and estimate the percentage showing normal morphology and the percentage that appear abnormal. Abnormal semen findings should be checked by examining a further specimen, particularly when the sperm count is low and the spermatozoa appear nonviable and abnormal. When the abnormalities are present in the second semen, further tests are indicated in a specialist center. Each consists of an oval-shaped head (with acrosomal cap) which measures 3-5 x 2-3µm, a short middle piece, and a long thin tail (at least 45µm in length). In normal semen, at least 50% of spermatozoa should show 445 Hematology normal morphology. Staining feature: Nucleus of head-dark blue; cytoplasm of head-pale blue; Middle piece and tail-pink-red. Abnormal spermatozoa: the following abnormalities may be seen: • Head: greatly increased or decreased in size; abnormal shape and tapering head (pyriform); acrosomal cap absent or abnormally large; Nucleus contains vacuoles or chromatin in unevenly distributed; two heads; additional residual body, i. One of the major technologic changes in the clinical laboratory has been the introduction of automated analysis. An automated analytic instrument 449 Hematology provides a means for transfer of a specimen within its complex assembly to a series of self-acting components, each of which carries out a specific process or stage of the process, ending in the analytic result being produced. Automation provides a means by which an increased workload can be processed rapidly and reproducibly. Automation can be applied to any or all of the steps used to perform any manual assay. Automation systems include some kind of device for sampling the patient’s specimen or other samples to be tested (such as blanks, controls, and standard solutions), a mechanism to add the necessary amounts of reagents in the proper sequence, incubation modules when needed for the specific reaction, monitoring or measuring devices such as photometric technology to quantitate the extent of the reaction, and a recording mechanism to provide the final reading or permanent record of the analytic result. Use of automation In hematology, automation has made a great change in the way work is done. Electronic cell counters have 450 Hematology replaced manual counting of blood cells even in clinics and physicians’ office laboratories.

Cross-sectional area and flow velocity the mean velocity of blood flow is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area provide that the total volume of fluid flowing through each segment is constant blood pressure categories chart buy dipyridamole from india. Blood volume distribution & blood pressure Blood volume is very unevenly distributed through the various vascular segments even though the volume flowing through is relatively constant pulse pressure tamponade order dipyridamole with a visa. Thick hypertension patient teaching buy discount dipyridamole on line, elastic arteries and arterioles contain 18%, capillaries hold only 3-4 percent of blood volume, while the heart contains about 7% blood pressure is almost inversely proportional to volume distribution and vascular resistance. There is little change in pressure in large arteries, but resistance increases rapidly in small arteries, causing the pressure to drop to about 70 mm Hg at the beginning of the arterioles. The arterioles have the greatest resistance of the systemic circulation, so that by the time blood reaches the capillaries, pressure has dropped to about 30 mmHg. Direct methods 1 Mercury manometer the principle behind manometry is that the vertical column of manometer fluid exerts a downward Pressure which opposes the blood pressure. When the column reaches a stable height (h), the blood pressure must be equal to the pressure at the bottom of the column, namely ρgh (fluid density ρx force of gravity g x h). Electronic pressure transducer To record the pressure wave form, a fast-responding electronic pressure transducer is needed. The transducer contains a metal diaphragm which deforms slightly when arterial pressure is applied to it via a catheter. The deformation of the diaphragm alters the resistance of a wire Connected to it and the resistance is recorded. Indirect methods Auscultator method (sphygmomanometry) the mercury manometer is used in medical practice throughout the world to measure human blood pressure, by an indirect method called sphygmomanometry. Auscultation of the brachial artery at the antecubital fossa (inner aspect of elbow) with a stethoscope therefore reveals no sound at this stage. As long as this pressure is higher than systolic pressure, the brachial artery remains collapsed and no blood whatsoever flows into the lower artery during any part of the pressure cycle. The transient spurt of blood vibrates the artery wall downstream and creates a dull tapping noise called Korotkoff sound. The jet causes turbulence in the open vessel beyond the cuff, and this sets up vibrations heard through the stethoscope). The sound, this time, has less of the tapping quality but more of a rhythmic harsher quality. Therefore, the sounds suddenly change to a muffled quality and usually disappear entirely. Direct versus indirect methods Several investigators have compared the pressure readings obtained from a cannula inserted into the brachial artery in one arm with the recordings obtained in the other by the auscultatory method. Normal values Many attempts have been made to define normal values for blood pressure but all such efforts have been unsatisfactory. For an adult under certain conditions he would be right, but it is quite wrong to adopt 120/80 mmHg as the normal standard for a resting child, a pregnant woman in midterm or an elderly man. It is not equal to the average of systolic and diastolic pressure because the pressure remains nearer to the diastolic pressure than to the systolic pressure during the greater part of the cardiac cycle. If heart rate increases, the relative amount of time the heart spends in diastole decreases. The increase in pulse pressure is especially striking and iscaused by reduced arterial compliance. Reduced compliance is due to arteriosclerosis (hardeningof the arterioles by fibrosis and calcinosis), and is universal accompaniment to ageing.

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